Mortgage Terminology
- Mortgage Terms You Should Know
ACCELERATION CLAUSE – Allows the lender to speed up the rate at which your loan comes due or even to demand immediate payment of the entire outstanding balance of the loan should you default on your loan.
ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE (ARM) – is a mortgage in which the interest rate is adjusted periodically based on a preselected index. Also sometimes known as the renegotiable rate mortgage, the variable rate mortgage or the Canadian rollover mortgage.
ADJUSTMENT INTERVAL – on an adjustable rate mortgage, the time between changes in the interest rate and/or monthly payment, typically one, three or five years, depending on the index.
AMORTIZATION – means loan payment by equal periodic payments calculated to pay off the debt at the end of a fixed period, including accrued interest on the outstanding balance.
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE (APR) – an interest rate reflecting the cost of a mortgage as a yearly rate. This rate is likely to be higher than the stated note rate or advertised rate on the mortgage, because it takes into account points and other credit costs. The APR allows homebuyers to compare different types of mortgages based on the annual cost for each loan.
APPRAISAL – an estimate of the value of property, made by a qualified professional call an “appraiser.”
ASSUMPTION – the agreement between buyer and seller where the buyer takes over the payments on an existing mortgage from the seller. Assuming a loan can usually save the buyer money since this is an existing mortgage debt, unlike a new mortgage where closing costs and new, possibly higher, market rate interest charges will apply.
BALLOON (PAYMENT) MORTGAGE – usually a short-term fixed rate loan which involved small payments for a certain period of time and one large payment for the remaining amount of the principal at a time specified in the contract.
BROKER – an individual in the business of assisting in arranging funding or negotiating contracts for a client, but who does not loan the money himself. Brokers usually charge a fee or receive a commission for their services.
BUY-DOWN – when the lender and/or the homebuilder subsidizes the mortgage by lowering the interest rate during the first few years of the loan. While the payments are initially low, they will increase when the subsidy expires.
CAPS (INTEREST) – consumer safeguards which limit the amount the interest rate on an adjustable rate mortgage may change per year and/or over the life of the loan.
CAPS (PAYMENT) – consumer safeguards which limit the amount monthly payments on an adjustable rate mortgage may change.
CLOSING – the meeting between the buyer, seller and lender or their agents where the property and funds legally change hands. Also called settlement.
CLOSING COSTS – usually include an origination fee, discount points, appraisal fee, title search and insurance, survey, taxes, deed recording fee, credit report charge and other costs assessed at settlement. The costs of closing are usually about 3 percent to 6 percent of the mortgage amount.
COMMITMENT – an agreement, often in writing, between a lender and a borrower to loan money at a future date subject to the completion of paperwork or compliance with stated conditions.
CONSTRUCTION LOAN – a short-term interim loan for financing the cost of construction. The lender advances fund to the builder at periodic intervals as the work progresses.
CONVENTIONAL LOAN – a mortgage not insured by FHA or guaranteed by the VA or Farmers Home Administration (FMHA).
CREDIT REPORT – a report documenting the credit history and current status of a borrower’s credit standing.
DEBT-TO-INCOME RATIO – the ratio, expressed as a percentage, which results when a borrower’s monthly payment obligation on long-term debts is divided by his or her net effective income (FHA/VA loans) or gross monthly income (conventional loans). See housing expenses-to-income ratio.
DEED OF TRUST – in many states, this document is used in place of a mortgage to secure the payment of a note.
DEFAULT – failure to meet legal obligations in a contract, specifically, failure to make the monthly payments on a mortgage.
DEFERRED INTEREST – see negative amortization.
DELINQUENCY – failure to make payments on time. This can lead to foreclosure.
DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS (VA) – an independent agency of the federal government which guarantees long-term, low- or no-downpayment mortgages to eligible veterans.
DISCOUNT POINT – see points.
DOWNPAYMENT – money paid to make up the difference between the purchase price and the mortgage amount. Downpayments usually are 10 percent to 20 percent of the sales price on conventional loans, and no money down up to 5 percent on FHA and VA loans.
DUE-ON-SALE CLAUSE – a provision in a mortgage or deed of trust that allows the lender to demand immediate payment of the balance of the mortgage if the mortgage holder sells the home.
EARNEST MONEY – money given by a buyer to a seller as part of the purchase price to bind a transaction or assure payment.
EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY ACT (ECOA) – is a federal law that requires lenders and other creditors to make credit equally available without discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, age, sex, marital status or receipt of income from public assistance programs.
EQUITY – the difference between the fair market value and current indebtedness, also referred to as the owner’s interest.
ESCROW – refers to a neutral third party who carries out the instructions of both the buyer and seller to handle all the paperwork of settlement or “closing.” Escrow may also refer to an account held by the lender into which the homebuyer pays money for tax or insurance payments.
FANNIE MAE – see Federal National Mortgage Association.
FARMERS HOME ADMINISTRATION (FmHA) – provides financing to farmers and other qualified borrowers who are unable to obtain loans elsewhere.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK BOARD (FHLBB) – a regulatory and supervisory agency for federally chartered savings institutions.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (FHLMC) – also called “Freddie Mac,” is a quasi-governmental agency that purchases conventional mortgages from insured depository institutions and HUD-approved mortgage bankers.
FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION (FHA) – a division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Its main activity is insuring of residential mortgage loans made by private lenders. FHA also sets standards for underwriting mortgages.
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION (FNMA) – also known as “Fannie Mae.” A tax-paying corporation created by Congress that purchases and sells conventional residential mortgages as well as those insured by FHA or guaranteed by VA. This institution, which provided funds for one in seven mortgages, makes mortgage money more available and more affordable.
FHA LOAN – a loan insured by the Federal Housing Administration open to all qualified home purchasers. While there a limits to the size of FHA loans ($155,250 as of 1/1/96), they are generous enough to handle moderate priced homes almost anywhere in the country.
FIXED-RATE MORTGAGE – a mortgage on which the interest rate is set for the term of the loan.
FORECLOSURE – a legal procedure in which property securing debt is sold by the lender to pay the defaulting borrower’s debt.
FREDDIE MAC – see Federal Home Loan Mortgage.
GINNIE MAE – see Government National Mortgage Association.
GOVERNMENT NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION (GNMA) – also known as “Ginnie Mae,” provides sources of funds for residential mortgages, insured or guaranteed by FHA or VA.
GRADUATED PAYMENT MORTGAGE (GPM) – a type of flexible-payment mortgage where the payments increase for a specified period of time and then level off. This type of mortgage has negative amortization built into it.
GROSS MONTHLY INCOME – the total amount the borrower earns per month, before any expenses are deducted.
GUARANTY – a promise by one party to pay a debt or perform an obligation contracted by another if the original party fails to pay or perform according to a contract.
HAZARD INSURANCE – a form of insurance in which the insurance company protects the insured from specified losses, such as fire, windstorm and the like.
HOUSING EXPENSES-TO-INCOME RATIO – the ratio, expressed as a percentage, which results when a borrower’s housing expenses and divided by his/her net effective income (FHA/VA loans) or gross monthly income (conventional loans). See debt-to-income ratio.
IMPOUND – that portion of a borrower’s monthly payments held by the lender or servicer to pay for taxes, hazard insurance, mortgage insurance, lease payment, and other items as they become due. Also known as reserves.
INDEX – a published interest rate against which lenders measure the difference between the current interest rate on an adjustable rate mortgage and that earned by other investments (such as one-, three- and five-year U.S. Treasury security yields, the monthly average interest rate on loans closed by savings and loan institutions, and the monthly average costs-of-funds incurred by savings and loans), which is then used to adjust the interest rate on an adjustable mortgage up or down.
INVESTOR – a money source for a lender.
JUMBO LOAN – a loan which is larger (more than $207,000 as of 1/1/96) than the limits set by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Because jumbo loans cannot be funded by these two agencies, they usually carry a higher interest rate.
LIEN – a claim upon a piece of property for the payment or satisfaction of a debt or obligation.
LONA-TO-VALUE RATIO – the relationship between the amount of the mortgage loan and the appraised value of the property expressed as a percentage.
MARGIN – the amount a lender adds to the index on an adjustable rate mortgage to establish the adjusted interest rate.
MARKET VALUE – the highest price that a buyer would pay and the lowest price a seller would accept on a property. Market value may be different from the price a property could actually be sold for at a given time.
MORTGAGE INSURANCE – money paid to insure the mortgage when the downpayment is less than 20 percent. See private mortgage insurance, FHA mortgage insurance.
MORTGAGEE – the lender.
MORTGAGOR – the borrower or homeowner.
NEGATIVE AMORTIZATION – occurs when your monthly payments are not large enough to pay all the interest due on the loan. This unpaid interest is added to the unpaid balance of the loan. The danger of negative amortization is that the homebuyer ends up owing more than the original amount of the loan.
NET EFFECTIVE INCOME – the borrower’s gross income minus federal income tax.
NONASSUMPTION CLAUSE – a statement in a mortgage contract forbidding the assumption of the mortgage without the prior approval of the lender.
ORIGINATION FEE – the fee charged by a lender to prepare loan documents, make credit checks, inspect and sometimes appraise a property; usually computed as a percentage of the face value of the loan.
PITI – principal, interest, taxes, and insurance. Also called monthly housing expense.
POINTS (LOAN DISCOUNT POINTS) – prepaid interest assessed at closing by the lender. Each point is equal to 1 percent of the loan amount (e.g., two points on a $100,000 mortgage would cost $2,000).
POWER OF ATTORNEY – a legal document authorizing one person to act on behalf of another.
PREPAIDS – expenses necessary to create an escrow account or to adjust the seller’s existing escrow account. Can include taxes, hazard insurance, private mortgage insurance and special assessments.
PREPAYMENT – a privilege in a mortgage permitting the borrower to make payments in advance of their due date.
PREPAYMENT PENALTY – money charged for an early repayment of debt. Prepayment penalties are allowed in some form (but not necessarily imposed) in 36 states and the District of Columbia.
PRINCIPAL – the amount of debt, not counting interest, left on a loan.
PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE (PMI) – in the event that you do not have a 20 percent downpayment, lenders will allow a smaller downpayment – a low as 5 percent in some cases. With the smaller downpayment, however, borrowers are usually required to carry private mortgage insurance. Private mortgage insurance will require an initial premium payment of 1.0 percent to 5.0 percent of your mortgage amount and may require an additional monthly fee depending on your loan’s structure. On a $75,000 house with a 10 percent downpayment, this would mean either an initial premium payment of $2,025 to $3,375, or an initial premium of $675 to $1,130 combined with a monthly payment of $25 to $30.
REALTOR – a real estate broker or an associate holding active membership in a local real estate board affiliated with the National Board of Realtors.
RECISION – the cancellation of a contract. With respect to mortgage refinancing, the law that gives the homeowner three days to cancel a contract in some cases once it is signed if the transaction uses equity in the home as security.
RECORDING FEES – money paid to the lender for recording a home sale with the local authorities, thereby making it part of the public records.
RESPA – short for the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. RESPA is a federal law that allows consumers to review information on known or estimated settlement costs once after application and once prior to or at settlement. The law requires lenders to furnish the information after application only.
REVERSE ANNUITY MORTGAGE (RAM) – a form of mortgage in which the lender makes periodic payments to the borrower using the borrower’s equity in the home as security.
SERVICING – all the steps and operations a lender performs to keep a loan in good standing, such as collection of payments, payment of taxes, insurance, property inspections, and the like.
SETTLEMENT/SETTLEMENT COSTS – See closing/closing costs.
SHARED APPRECIATION MORTGAGE (SAM) – a mortgage in which a borrower receives a below-market interest rate in return for which the lender (or another investor such as a family member or other partner) receives a portion of the future appreciation in the value of the property. May also apply to mortgages where the borrower shares the monthly principal and interest payments with another party in exchange for a part of the appreciation.
SURVEY – a measurement of land, prepared by a registered land surveyor, showing the location of the land with reference to known points, its dimensions, and the location and dimensions of any buildings.
TERM MORTGAGE – see balloon payment mortgage.
TITLE INSURANCE – a policy, usually issued by a title insurance company, which insures a homebuyer against errors in the title search. The cost of the policy is usually a function of the value of the property, and is often borne by the purchaser and/or seller.
TITLE SEARCH – an examination of municipal records to determine the legal ownership of property. Usually is performed by a title company.
TRUTH-IN-LENDING – a federal law requiring disclosure of the Annual Percentage Rate to homebuyers shortly after they apply for the loan.
TWO-STEP MORTGAGE – a mortgage in which the borrower receives a below-market interest rate for a specified number of years (most often seven or ten), and then receives a new interest rate adjusted (within certain limits) to market conditions at that time. The lender sometimes has the option to call the loan due with 30 days notice at the end of seven or ten years. Also called Super Seven or Premier mortgage.
UNDERWRITING – the decision whether to make a loan to a potential homebuyer based on credit, employment, assets, and other factors and the matching of this risk to an appropriate rate and term or loan amount.
VA LOAN – a long-term, low-, or no-downpayment loan guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Restricted to individuals qualified by military service or other entitlements.
VA MORTGAGE FUNDING FEE – a premium of up to 1 7/8 percent (depending on the size of the downpayment) paid on a VA-backed loan. On a $75,000 30-year fixed-rate mortgage with no downpayment, this would amount to $1,406 either paid at closing or added to the amount financed.
VARIABLE RATE MORTGAGE (VRM) – see adjustable rate mortgage.
VERIFICATION OF DEPOSIT (VOD) – a document signed by the borrower’s financial institution verifying the status and balance of his/her financial accounts.
VERIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT (VOE) – a document signed by the borrower’s employer verifying his/her position and salary.
WRAPAROUND – results when an existing assumable loan is combined with a new loan, resulting in an interest rate somewhere between the old rate and the current market rate. The payments are made to a second lender or the previous homeowner, who then forwards the payments to the first lender after taking the additional amount off the top.
Source: Mortgage Bankers Association
